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Abstract The impact of fish oil concentration on the oxidative stability of microcapsules through the spray drying process using chitosan and maltodextrin as wall material was studied. Emulsions were prepared with different Tuna fish oil (TFO) content (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%) while wall material concentration was kept constant. Microencapsulated powder resulting from emulsion prepared with high fish oil load have high moisture content, wettability, total oil and low encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity and bulk tapped density. Oxidative stability was evaluated periodically by placing microcapsules at room temperature. Microcapsules prepared with TFO-10% presented high oxidative stability in terms of peroxide value (2.94±0.04) and anisidine value (1.54±0.02) after 30 days of storage. It was concluded that optimal amounts of fish oil for microencapsulation are 10% and 20% using chitosan and maltodextrin that extended its shelf life during study period.
Resumo Foi estudado o impacto da concentração de óleo de peixe na estabilidade oxidativa de microcápsulas por meio do processo de secagem por atomização, utilizando quitosana e maltodextrina como material de parede. As emulsões foram preparadas com diferentes teores de óleo de atum (TFO) (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%), enquanto a concentração de material de parede foi mantida constante. O pó microencapsulado resultante da emulsão preparada com alta carga de óleo de peixe tem alto teor de umidade, molhabilidade e óleo total e baixa eficiência de encapsulação, higroscopicidade e densidade extraída a granel. A estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada periodicamente colocando microcápsulas à temperatura ambiente. As microcápsulas preparadas com TFO-10% apresentaram alta estabilidade oxidativa em termos de valor de peróxido (2,94 ± 0,04) e valor de anisidina (1,54 ± 0,02) após 30 dias de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que as quantidades ideais de óleo de peixe para microencapsulação são de 10% e 20% usando quitosana e maltodextrina que prolongaram sua vida útil durante o período de estudo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Fish Oils , Chitosan , Powders , Tuna , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Abstract The impact of fish oil concentration on the oxidative stability of microcapsules through the spray drying process using chitosan and maltodextrin as wall material was studied. Emulsions were prepared with different Tuna fish oil (TFO) content (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%) while wall material concentration was kept constant. Microencapsulated powder resulting from emulsion prepared with high fish oil load have high moisture content, wettability, total oil and low encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity and bulk tapped density. Oxidative stability was evaluated periodically by placing microcapsules at room temperature. Microcapsules prepared with TFO-10% presented high oxidative stability in terms of peroxide value (2.94±0.04) and anisidine value (1.54±0.02) after 30 days of storage. It was concluded that optimal amounts of fish oil for microencapsulation are 10% and 20% using chitosan and maltodextrin that extended its shelf life during study period.
Resumo Foi estudado o impacto da concentração de óleo de peixe na estabilidade oxidativa de microcápsulas por meio do processo de secagem por atomização, utilizando quitosana e maltodextrina como material de parede. As emulsões foram preparadas com diferentes teores de óleo de atum (TFO) (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%), enquanto a concentração de material de parede foi mantida constante. O pó microencapsulado resultante da emulsão preparada com alta carga de óleo de peixe tem alto teor de umidade, molhabilidade e óleo total e baixa eficiência de encapsulação, higroscopicidade e densidade extraída a granel. A estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada periodicamente colocando microcápsulas à temperatura ambiente. As microcápsulas preparadas com TFO-10% apresentaram alta estabilidade oxidativa em termos de valor de peróxido (2,94 ± 0,04) e valor de anisidina (1,54 ± 0,02) após 30 dias de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que as quantidades ideais de óleo de peixe para microencapsulação são de 10% e 20% usando quitosana e maltodextrina que prolongaram sua vida útil durante o período de estudo.
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Oil-in-water emulsion has promised values in food, pharmaceutical, drug, cosmetic and allied industries. The stable emulsion with long shelf life increases its utility. Many avouring agents are used to increase shelf life as preservative or commercial value. Food grade acids are used to in the emulsion preparation which enhances the taste or avour. The present study focuses the usage of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and oxalic acid. The emulsions for different acids are prepared ranging concentration from 0.001 to 0.003M using lecithin as emulsier and sunower oil. Experiments were done to study organoleptic properties with respect to basicity and dissociation constant values. The colour of the primary emulsion was creamy white and sustainable for acetic acid emulsion to 28 day at experimental temperature 10, 25 and 40 0C. Oxalic acid is recorded a low pH value 1.88 for 0.003 M emulsion solution in compare with acetic acid (3.63) and phosphoric acid (2.32).The relative conductance measurement for oxalic acid shows a very high value 5.6mS to acetic acid 0.257mS and phosphoric acid 0.247 mS. The rst dissociation constant value 5.6x10-2 of oxalic acid is larger relatively compare to phosphoric acid 7.5 x 10-3 and acetic acid 1.8 x10-5. Basicity of acids increases from acetic acid (mono basic), oxalic acid (dibasic) to phosphoric acid (tri-basic).These results strongly supports that basicity and dissociation constant values of acids conspicuously inuence the stability of the emulsion. Higher value of dissociation constant value and basicity, lower the stability of the emulsion.
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Ocular surface inflammatory disorder (OSID) is a chronic ocular disease caused by systemic disorders or involving the local immune system.OSID induces persistent inflammatory reaction in the ocular adnexal connective tissues which in turn give rise to tear hypertonicity and ocular surface epithelial damage, leading to dry eye formation or progression.Common immune-related ocular surface diseases include vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Sj?gren syndrome, graft versus host disease, dry eye and immune-related corneal disease, all of which can significantly impact the visual function and quality of life of patients.Current treatments including the use of artificial tears and glucocorticoid eye drops are not always effective and have the risk of adverse events.Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a commonly utilized immunosuppressant that has a strong immunomodulatory effect, but its clinical application is somewhat limited due to the low permeability of its current ophthalmic dosage form.The development of CsA ophthalmic agents has changed the treatment strategy for OSID.The development of 0.1% CsA cationic emulsion has significantly improved the efficacy and safety of topical CsA treatment, which is worth the attention.In order to rationally apply 0.1% CsA cationic emulsion to OSID, ophthalmologists should fully understand the immune-related pathogenesis of each OSID and comprehend the curative effect, indication, application methods and adverse events of topical CsA treatment.
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It is of great significance to apply the nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (NSSPE) to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds, and to study the effect of NSSPE on the oral absorption of various components with different solubility and permeability. In the study, NSSPE of Tongmai prescription was prepared by the high pressure homogenization method with nanocrystals of main active components (puerarin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and tanshinone IIA) of Tongmai prescription as solid particle stabilizers and a mixture of Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil and Labrafil M 1944 CS as oil phase. The NSSPE had better physical stability than nanocrystals suspension and blank emulsion. The adsorption of nanocrystals on the surface of oil droplets was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The surface adsorption rates of puerarin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and tanshinone ⅡA in NSSPE were 15.40% ± 3.19%, 15.39% ± 5.07%, 10.97% ± 3.70% and 31.51% ± 1.60%, respectively. When solid active components were prepared into nanocrystals suspension, the cellular uptake and transport across Caco-2 cells were increased significantly for puerarin and tanshinone IIA. The uptake rates of ferulic acid, ligustilide and tanshinone IIA in NSSPE were further increased compared with the physical mixture of nanocrystals suspension and oil, and the transports of ligustilide and tanshinone IIA were also significantly improved. The main absorption mechanisms of NSSPE were passive diffusion and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, which were determined mainly by the microstructure of NSSPE. In conclusion, NSSPE could be applied to complicated TCM. The "micro" and "nano" synergistic microstructure with drug nanocrystals adsorbed on the surface of micron-sized oil droplets could not only improve the physical stability of NSSPE, but also promote the absorption of various components in NSSPE, which made NSSPE a promising oral drug delivery system for TCM.
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In order to increase the ability of oil-emulsion adjuvant to stimulate cellular immunity, chitosan hydrochloride with positive charge was selected to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion (CHE). In this paper, model antigen ovalbumin was selected to prepare vaccines with emulsion adjuvant, commercial adjuvant or no adjuvant. The emulsion was characterized by measuring the particle size, electric potential and antigen adsorption rate. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injection. Serum antibody levels, the numbers of IL-4-secreting cells in splenocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and the expression of central memory T cells were measured to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect. The results showed that chitosan hydrochloride can effectively stabilize the emulsion. The emulsion size is about 600 nm, and the antigen adsorption rate is more than 90%. After immunization, CHE could increase serum antibodies levels and increase IL-4 secretion. Expression of CTL surface activation molecules was also increased to stimulate CTL response further and to increase the CD44+CD62L+ in T cells proportion. CHE as adjuvant can stimulate humoral and cellular immunity more efficiently, and is expected to extend the duration of protection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Chitosan , Interleukin-4 , Emulsions , Immunization , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Antigens , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
Abstract The incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens may provide additional skin photoprotection against the harmful photobiological effects of ultraviolet radiation. The present study evaluated the applicability of a screening approach to the assessment of the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 and then determined the performance of the most effective antioxidant in a sunscreen formulation. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2`-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the photoprotective potential was investigated by the yeast photoprotection assay. The antioxidant with the best effect was incorporated into sunscreen formulations which were evaluated for 120 days regarding their in vitro photoprotective parameters. Vitamin C showed high antioxidant capacity as well as a photoprotective potential against simulated solar irradiation applied for times longer than 1 h. Although the Sun Protection Factor, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength did not differed significantly (p<0.05) between the formulation blank and the formulations containing 0.5% or 1% vitamin C, formulations with vitamin C kept their photostability for 6 months. Consequently, the proposed screening approach seems to be promising for the development of an antisolar photostable formulation containing vitamin C as an antioxidant.
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Objective To explore the pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin nano emulsion and its pharmacodynamic effects on hyperlipidemia in rats. Methods The method for determination of curcumin was established by HPLC-MS. The pharmacokinetics characteristics of curcumin nano emulsion oral administration system were investigated. SD rats were used as model animals to establish hyperlipidemia animal models, and the pharmacodynamic effects of curcumin nano emulsion on hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet was preliminarily investigated. Results The results of pharmacokinetic studies in vivo showed that the relative bioavailability of curcumin nano emulsion was 313.47% with bulk drug group as the reference preparation. The relative bioavailability of curcumin nano emulsion was 279.52 % with tablets as reference preparation. Cmax of curcumin nano emulsion group was 201.48 % of that of bulk drug group and 193.02 % of that of tablet group, and had higher MRT value (183.52 % of that of bulk drug group and 154.21 % of that of tablet group) than bulk drug group and tablet group. Pharmacodynamics research results showed that curcumin nano emulsion oral administration system could significantly reduce the levels of triglyceride and LDL-c in serum of model rats, and relieve liver lipid deposition and liver injury caused by high-fat diet in model animals. Conclusion The oral administration system of curcumin nano emulsion could effectively improve the bioavailability of curcumin, which has a good hypolipidemic effect. It also could control the weight gain of hyperlipidemia rats and improve the changes of liver coefficient caused by lipid metabolism disorder.
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Ceratonia siliqua were screened for their polyphenol content and antioxidant ability. A formulation of emulsion using the seed oil and galactomannans was assessed. Results showed that maceration contained the greatest amount of phenolics in organs. The best antioxidant capacity was found in seeds extract using soxhlet method. A chromatographic analysis of carob organs showed the predominance of gallic acid in fruits and pods.Fatty acid composition was dominated by palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids with 16.04, 38.08 and 38.85%, respectively. Finally, characterization of emulsions stabilized with the galactomannan from seeds proves that this biopolymer is an excellent food emulsifier. In fact, the production of emulsions having an average diameter of the dispersed droplets of a few micrometers and a creaming index greater than 80% reflects the very high stability. Overall, the results obtained indicated that C. siliqua can be valued as an emulsifier in several foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Lipid nanoemulsions are promising nanodrug delivery carriers that can improve the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel(PTX).However,no intravenous lipid emulsion of PTX has been approved for clinical treatment,and systemic safety profiles have not yet been reported.Here we outline the development of a PTX-loaded tumor-targeting intravenous lipid emulsion(PTX Emul)and describe its characteristics,colloidal stability,and systemic safety profiles in terms of acute toxicity,long-term toxicity,and tox-icokinetics.We also compare PTX Emul with conventional PTX injection.Results showed that PTX Emul exhibited an ideal average particle size(approximately 160 nm)with narrow size distribution and robust colloidal stability under different conditions.Hypersensitivity reaction and hemolysis tests revealed that PTX Emul did not induce hypersensitivity reactions and had no hemolytic potential.In addition,where the alleviated systemic toxicity of PTX Emul may be attributed to the altered toxicokinetic characteristics in beagle dogs,including the decreased AUC and increased plasma clearance and volume of distribution,PTX Emul alleviated acute and long-term toxicity as evidenced by the enhanced the median lethal dose and approximate lethal dose,moderate body weight change,decreased bone marrow suppression and organ toxicity compared with those under PTX injection at the same dose.A fundamental understanding of the systemic safety profiles,high tumor-targeting efficiency,and superior antitumor activity in vivo of PTX Emul can provide powerful evidence of its therapeutic potential as a future treatment for breast cancer.
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Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the gelling properties of Dillenia indica mucilage in benzyl benzoate emulgel formulation. Mucilage was extracted from the fruits of Dillenia indica using established methods and characterized by rheology and swelling. Emulsion (F1) was prepared using the continental emulsification method. Gelling agents (2 %w /v) were prepared by dispersing in distilled water with constant stirring at a moderate speed using a magnetic stirrer. F1 was added to the gel (0-75 %w /w) to obtain emulgel formulations and evaluated using viscosity, globule size, pH, release profiles and kinetic modeling. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, and similarity factor (f2) was used to compare all formulations. Formulation viscosity was significantly higher with carbopol than with Dillenia; globule sizes increased with concentration of gelling agents, and pH reduced as the concentration of Dillenia increased. All formulations showed controlled release properties with t80 ranging between 114 and 660 min. The release was governed by Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Formulation F5 prepared with 50 % Dillenia showed highest similarity to F4 prepared with 75 %w /w carbopol. Dillenia indica demonstrated acceptable gelling properties comparable with that of carbopol and could be improved for use in emulgel formulations.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/administration & dosage , Dilleniaceae/anatomy & histology , Gelling Agents , Plant Mucilage/agonists , Emulsions/analysis , MethodsABSTRACT
Abstract In an attempt to increase molecular stability and provide controlled release, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles. Both VEGF-free and VEGF-loaded PCL nanoparticles were formulated by w/o/w double emulsion of the dichloromethane-water system in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and rat serum albumin. To achieve the optimal formulation concerning particle size and monodispersity, studies were carried out with different formulation parameters, including PVA concentration, homogenization time and rate. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis showed respectively that particles had a spherical shape with a smooth surface and particle size varying between 58.68-751.9 nm. All of the formulations were negatively charged according to zeta potential analysis. In vitro release study was performed in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C and released VEGF amount was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. At the end of the 35th day, 10% of total encapsulated VEGF was released with a sustained-release profile, which fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The bioactivation of the nanoparticles was evaluated using XTT and ELISA methods. As a result, the released VEGF was biologically active and also VEGF loaded PCL nanoparticles enhanced proliferation of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells in cell culture.
Subject(s)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Nanoparticles/classification , In Vitro Techniques/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial CellsABSTRACT
O soro de leite é considerado um subproduto das indústrias de laticínios, uma parte de sua produção é destinada como matéria-prima de produtos alimentícios, mas parte é direcionada para alimentação animal. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo elaborar formulas de emulsões do tipo maionese utilizando ingrediente proteico o soro de leite em pó, leite desnatado em pó e a mistura entre soro e leite, ambos em pó, bem como investigar a influência destes ingredientes na textura, reologia, análise térmica, índice de estabilidade, análise colorimétrica e a vida útil das formulações. Justifica-se a utilização de soro de leite devido a seu menor preço de mercado do que ovos em pó ou líquido pasteurizado normalmente utilizados, evidenciando a necessidade de dar espaço a matérias-primas consideradas como subprodutos dentro da indústria. Os produtos emulsionados foram formulados com mistura de óleo, água, soro de leite em pó, leite desnatado em pó, alho e mostarda em pó, contendo aproximadamente 70% de gordura, com variação no teor proteico. Foram estabelecidas três formulações cada uma com um tipo ou mistura de emulsificantes. As análises efetuadas no desenvolvimento do trabalho foram textura, reologia, atividade de água, pH, colorimetria, análise térmica, índice de estabilidade da emulsão e cálculo de proteínas e lipídeos das formulações. Foi possível verificar que tanto o soro de leite em pó como o leite desnatado em pó apresentaram características de agente emulsificante.A formulação F1 (soro de leite em pó) não atingiram os padrões estruturais de maioneses comerciais, todavia os resultados obtidos pela formulação F2 (leite desnatado em pó) atingiram padrões equivalentes a produtos comercializados, bem como a formulação F3 (soro de leite em pó + leite desnatado em pó) com padrão das maioneses light em textura e reologia. Os resultados das análises de atividade de água apresentaram pequenas variações (0,934-0,941) ao longo dos 30 dias de avaliação. Os conservantes em pó (alho e mostarda) favoreceram a coloração das formulações, pH na faixa da neutralidade, assegurando aos produtos vida útil de 30 dias em temperatura de refrigeração. É possível utilizar osoro de leite e leite em pó como agente emulsificante para emulsões do tipo maionese, bem como alho e mostarda em pó como ingredientes que aumentem a maior vida útil desses produtos
Whey is considered a by-product of the dairy industry, part of its production is used as raw material for food products, but part is used for animal feed. The objective of this study was to prepare mayonnaise emulsion formulas using protein whey powder, skimmed milk powder and the mixture between whey and milk, both in powder, as well as investigating the influence of these ingredients on texture, rheology, thermal analysis, stability index, colorimetric analysis and the useful life of the formulations. The use of whey is justified due to its lower market price than powdered eggs or pasteurized liquid normally used, highlighting the need to make room for raw materials considered as by-products within the industry. The emulsified products were formulated with a mixture of oil, water, whey powder, skimmed milk powder, garlic and mustard powder, containing approximately 70% fat, with variation in protein content. Three formulations were established each with a type or mixture of emulsifiers. The analyzes carried out in the development of the work were texture, rheology, water activity, pH, colorimetry, thermal analysis, emulsion stability index and calculation of proteins and lipids in the formulations. It was possible to verify that both whey powder and skimmed milk powder showed characteristics of emulsifying agent. Formulation F1 (whey powder) did not reach the structural standards of commercial mayonnaise, however the results obtained by formulation F2 (skimmed milk powder) reached standards equivalent to commercialized products, as well as the formulation F3 (whey powder + skimmed milk powder) with light mayonnaise pattern in texture and rheology. The results of the water activity analysis showed slight variations (0.934-0.941) over the 30 days of evaluation. The preservatives in powder (garlic and mustard) favored the color of the formulations, pH in the neutrality range, ensuring the products' useful life of 30 days in refrigeration temperature. It is possible to use whey and powdered milk as an emulsifying agent for emulsions of the mayonnaise type, as well as garlic and mustard powder as ingredients that increase the longer useful life of these products
Subject(s)
Rheology/classification , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Milk/adverse effects , Emulsions/pharmacology , Whey/metabolism , Colorimetry/methods , Dairying/classification , Emulsifying Agents/agonists , Food/adverse effects , Food Preservatives , Animal Feed/classificationABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze factors related to the suspected allergic reaction of elememe emulsion injection based on hospital information system. MethodData on cases that used elememe emulsion injection were collected from the information systems of 60 first-class hospitals nationwide. The nested case-control design method was adopted. Finally， 30 cases were included in the suspected allergy group and 120 cases in the control group. SAS 9.3 was employed for descriptive analysis of the gender， age， occupation， admission route， conditions of patients at the admission， and the diagnosis with frequency and percentage. The factors affecting the occurrence of suspected allergic reaction were analyzed by conventional logistic regression and propensity score weighted logistic regression. In the case that the number of independent variables was larger than the sample number， MCP （minimax concave penalty） was used to screen the key variables and the conditions of patients at admission， conditions of patients during hospitalization， hospital stay， diagnostic information， and medication information were compared between two groups. ResultThe male-to-female ratio was about 2∶1 in both groups and most of the patients were 46-65 years old. Patients in the control group were mainly "professional and technical personnel"， and the majority in the suspected allergy group were "business and service personnel" and "clerks and related personnel". They were mainly admitted at the outpatient and conditions of patients were average at the admission. Compared with the control group， suspected allergy group showed severe conditions during the hospitalization， short average hospital stay， large proportion with intravenous infusion， and low cure rate and effective rate. The results of logistic regression analysis showed no statistical difference in conditions of patients at admission， hospital stay， combined diseases， medicine dosage， and treatment course. ConclusionThe suspected allergic reaction of elememe emulsion injection mainly occurs in the first administration with rapid onset even with the dose lower than the commonly used one. The occurrence is related to the intravenous infusion and the severe conditions of patients during hospitalization and has nothing to do with the conditions of patients at admission， hospital stay， treatment course， use of other medicines， and diagnostic information. In summary， it is mainly related to the constitution and immune status of patients.
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A new quercetin nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion(QT-NSSPE) was prepared by high-pressure homogenization combined with probe ultrasonic method. The influences of oil fraction, quercetin(QT) concentration, and pH of water phase on the formation of QT-NSSPE were investigated. On this basis, the QT-NSSPE prepared under optimal conditions was evaluated in terms of microstructure, stability, and in vitro release and the droplet size and drug loading were 15.82 μm and 4.87 mg·mL~(-1), respectively. The shell structure formed by quercetin nanocrystals(QT-NC) on the emulsion droplet surface was observed under a scanning electron microscope(SEM). X-ray diffraction(XRD) showed that the crystallinity of adsorbed QT-NC decreased significantly as compared with the raw QT. There were not significant changes of QT-NSSPE properties after 30 days of storage at room temperature. The in vitro release experiment confirmed that QT-NSSPE has a higher accumulative release rate than the raw QT. All these results indicated that QT-NSSPE has a great stability and a satisfactory in vitro release behavior, which is a promising new oral delivery system for QT.
Subject(s)
Emulsions/chemistry , Nanoparticles , Particle Size , Quercetin , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the emulsification of silicone oil in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after silicone oil filling surgery, and to preliminarily analyze the possible clinical factors related to it.Methods:A cross-sectional clinical study. From January 2019 to April 2022, 50 eyes of 50 patients with RRD who underwent pans plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with silicone oil filling surgery in Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were included in the study. Among them, there were 25 males with 25 eyes and 25 females with 25 eyes; the age was 54.86±11.79 years old. The retina was in place 3 months after surgery. Before silicone oil removal surgery, intraocular pressure >21 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) or treated with≥1 anti-glaucoma drug (high intraocular pressure) in 20 eyes; intraocular pressure ≤21 mm Hg and no anti-glaucoma drug treatment in 30 eyes (normal intraocular pressure). During follow-up after surgery, silicone oil emulsification was found and those who met the indications for silicone oil removal were subjected to silicone oil removal surgery. The first 2 ml of lavage fluid was collected immediately after removal of the silicone oil, and the particle diameter and number of emulsified silicone oil were measured using a Multisizer ? 3 particle/cell counter and particle size analyzer. The measuring range was 0.4-12.0 μm, and the diameter is accordingly divided into 0.4-<1.0, 1.0-<3.0, 3.0-<5.0, 5.0-<7.0, 7.0-12.0 μm. Each sample was measured 3 times and the average value was taken. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between the number of emulsified silicone oil particles and clinical factors. Results:The number of emulsified silicone oil particles was (1.74±2.94)×10 7/ml (0.96×10 7-14.11×10 7/ml), of which the diameter of 0.4-<1.0 μm emulsified silicone oil particle was (1.25±2.41)×10 7/ml, accounted for (64.26±12.70)% [(1.25±2.41)×10 7/(1.74±2.94)×10 7]. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between the total particle number of emulsified silicone oil and various clinical factors ( P>0.05). The number of emulsified silicone oil particles with a diameter of 7.0-12.0 μm was negatively correlated with age ( r=-0.298, P=0.036), and positively correlated with axial length ( r=0.325, P=0.021). There was no correlation between the previous ocular trauma, choroidal detachment and different lens states and the number of emulsified silicone oil particles ( P>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that eye axis ( β=1 570.868, P=0.023) and age ( β=-316.128, P=0.039) were the risk predictors of silicone oil emulsification into large diameter particles (7-<12 μm). The number of emulsified silicone oil particles with a diameter of 7-12 μm in the patients with high intraocular pressure was significantly higher than that in the patients with normal intraocular pressure, and the difference was statistically significant ( U=195.00, P=0.037). Conclusions:Most of the emulsified silicone oil particles in the eyes of RRD patients after silicone oil filling surgery are small-diameter particles; the silicone oil emulsification is more serious in young patients and patients with long ocular axis, and young patients are more prone to high intraocular pressure.
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OBJECTIVE To prepare Neuritic acid oral emulsion ，to optimize its formulation and preparation technology ，and to investigate its stability. METHODS Neuritic acid oral emulsion was prepared by mechanical method. On the basis of single factor experiment ，the appearance ，centrifugal stability ，centrifugal stability constant （Ke）and particle size of the emulsion as indexes，the formulation was optimized by orthogonal design ，taking the dosage of oleic acid ，octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether-10 and propylene glycol as factors ，the preparation technology was optimized by taking emulsification temperature ，shear time，pressure of high-pressure homogenization and cycle times of high-pressure homogenization as factors. The content of neuritic acid was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The stability of Neuritic acid oral emulsion was investigated by high temperature test ，accelerated test and long-term test. RESULTS The optimal formulation and preparation technology were as follows：neuritic acid of 1 g，oleic acid of 5％ ，octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether- 10 of 4％ ，propylene glycol of 2％ ， emulsification temperature of 60 ℃ ，shear time of 2 min，homogenization pressure of 40 MPa and cycle times of twice. After three experiments ，the average particle size of Neuritic acid oral emulsion was 158.05 nm（RSD＝1.58％，n＝3），the average Ke was 0.39（RSD＝1.49％，n＝3），and the appearance was uniform milky white ，there was no stratification. The results of high temperature test showed that Neuritic acid oral emulsion was prone to stratification in high temperature environment ，and the content of neuritic acid increased. The results of accelerated test and long-term test showed that there was no significant change in the appearance or the content of neuritic acid when Neuritic acid oral emulsion was placed at room temperature for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The formulation and preparation technology are stable and feasible ，and can be used for the preparation of Neuritic acid oral emulsion. Neuritic acid oral emulsion should not be placed in high temperature environment. It has good stability at room temperature for 6 months.
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@#Due to their good safety, wide application scope and quick onset time, lipid emulsions are full of promise to reverse drug poisoning. In this review, a number of clinical case reports were summarized to analyze the detoxification effect of lipid emulsions on local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, psychotropic and organophosphate poisoning, as well as the possible adverse reactions of lipid emulsions therapy.Meanwhile, the mechanisms underlying lipid emulsions therapy, such as lipid sink theory, enhanced body basal metabolism and positively affected cardiovascular function, were fully interpreted.Besides, a few potential solutions to the problems still existing in lipid emulsions therapy were proposed, in order to consolidate the understanding of lipid emulsions therapy and promote its rational application in reversing drug poisoning.
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Leech bites usually lead to more bleeding, and dermal tissue is damaged to form lifelong scars. If leeches enter the body cavity, it will be more dangerous. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective repellents. In this study, oil in water (O/W) emulsion of tea tree oil was prepared with tea tree oil as the main ingredient, and konjac glucomannan (KGM), ethyl cellulose (EC) as the main excipients. The filter-paper ring method and repellent test in water were used to evaluate the repellent effects on leeches. The animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Academy of Military Medical Sciences and were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE) in vivo were measured to clarify the repellent mechanisms. The results showed that a uniform and stable tea tree oil emulsion was successfully prepared, which has excellent hydrophilicity and can effectively repel leeches. The tea tree oil emulsion has a good repellent effect on leeches, which can avoid the volatilization of tea tree oil and prolong the effective repelling time. The novel formulation of tea tree oil provides a new idea for repelling effects with long time and high efficiency based on similar essential oil.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of multiple trace elements in neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) on the stability of fat emulsion, and to assess the changes of stability indexes after filtration.Methods:With the standard body weight of 1.5 kg, seven groups of neonatal PN solutions with different concentrations of multiple trace elements were designed, including blank group (without multiple trace elements), normal dose group (1 ml/kg, i.e., 0.75 ml per 100 ml PN) and five experimental groups (i.e., 1.5 ml, 3 ml, 4.5 ml, 6 ml, and 7.5 ml per 100 ml PN respectively). Macroscopic observation was performed 0 h and 24 h after preparation. The mean droplet diameter (MDD) of lipid emulsion was determined with dynamic light scattering before and after filtration. The percentage of fat residing in globules larger than 5 μm (PFAT5) and the globule size distribution before and after filtration were determined with light blockage method.Results:Macroscopic examination of the 7 groups of PN solutions identified neither changes in color nor stratification within 24 hours after solution preparation. Within 24 hours after solution preparation, the MDDs of all PN solutions before filtration were between (338.67±6.11) nm and (370.00±15.13) nm, and the PFAT5 values before filtration ranged from (32.00±1.00) ×10 -3% to (85.67±6.81) ×10 -3%. The MDDs of all PN solutions after filtration were between (310.67±8.62) nm and (362.33±19.86) nm, and the PFAT5 values after filtration ranged from (4.67±1.15) ×10 -3% to (17.33±0.58) ×10 -3%. The concentration of multiple trace elements was positively correlated with PFAT5 ( P<0.05). There was statistically significant difference in PFAT5 values at 0 h and 24 h after preparation ( P=0.004). The difference of PFAT5 values before and after filtration was also statistically significant ( P=0.000). Conclusions:Within 24 hours after solution preparation at room temperature, the appearance of neonatal PN solutions with different concentrations of trace elements supplementation was unchanged, and the MDDs of fat emulsions were all within the safe range. However, when the concentration of monovalent cations (Na +, K +) was 38.9 mmol/L, the concentration of divalent cation (Ca 2+) was 5 mmol/L, and the concentration of trace elements (Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Mn 2+, and Se 4+) was higher than 0.063 mmol/L, the PFAT5 value was higher than 0.05%. In this case, filtration with a 1.2 μm filter was necessary, which could significantly reduce the PFAT5 value and the globule size distribution, and improve the safety and standardization of the clinical application of PN solutions. It is suggested that the neonatal PN solutions supplemented with multiple trace elements injection (I) may be administered through a terminal filter.